Environmental Informatics

Environmental Informatics applies data analysis, computational modeling, and information science to study the environment and manage natural resources. Students in the Environmental Informatics major gain expertise in the environment and in the computational and analytical approaches to solve environmental challenges, including geographic information, mathematical and statistical modeling, remote sensing, database management, knowledge integration, and decision making.

Forest Resource Management

Programs of study in Forestry include three options focused on forest management and are accredited by the Society of American Foresters (SAF), the national scientific and educational organization representing the forestry profession in the United States.

Students in the Forest Resources Management Option gain expertise in the biological and social sciences needed to make sound management decisions concerning regeneration, growth, protection, management, and sustainability of forest ecosystems. Graduates pursue careers in the forest industry, public agencies, non-governmental agencies, and private forestry companies.

In the Forest Operations and Business Option, students prepare to take an active role in assuring that the sale, harvest, and conversion of standing timber to products is done in an efficient, economic, safe, and environmentally sound manner. Graduates pursue careers in forest industry, national and state forest services, forestry consulting firms, and the equipment industry.

Students in the Urban Forestry Option gain expertise in the management of forest resources in cities, towns, and other urbanized environments. The program emphasizes interdisciplinary perspectives and students take classes in Horticulture, Landscape Architecture, and Urban Affairs and Planning to customize a curriculum that supports their career goals. Graduates pursue careers in municipal forestry, commercial tree care, utility vegetation management, urban environmental consulting, public agencies, and nonprofit organizations.

Environmental Resource Management

Students in the Environmental Resource Management Major gain expertise in managing environmental resources from a wide variety of environmental perspectives, including forest resources, soils, water, environmental law, policy and planning, and environmental economics. Graduates pursue careers in public agencies, private industry, and firms that deal with forested wetland protection, endangered species, the urban-rural interface, and sustainability.

Environmental Conservation and Society

Programs of study in Environmental Conservation and Society prepare students for a broad array of natural resource careers with an emphasis on social sciences and public communication.

The Recreation and Tourism Management Option prepares students to be the managers, planners, and program administrators who deal with today's complex conservation challenges. Courses in ecological, natural, and social sciences, planning, tourism, and business management, are combined with a deep understanding of recreation resources. Graduates pursue careers in government and non-government organizations as well as commercial recreation and green businesses.

The Education and Outreach Option offers a balance of natural sciences, social sciences, and the humanities to give students a well-rounded base of knowledge about the natural world. Graduates pursue careers in nature education, environmental interpretation, resource education, and communications, or they may pursue a license for an elementary education career.

Water: Resources, Policy, and Management

The Water: Resources, Policy, and Management degree addresses the protection and development of water resources by providing the interdisciplinary training required to meet water challenges and opportunities now and in the future.

Undergraduate Course Descriptions (FREC)

1004 (GEOG 1084): DIGITAL PLANET Exploration of innovative geospatial technologies and their impact on the world around us, including how humans interact with the environment and each other. Roles of location-based services, global positioning systems, geographic information systems, remote sensing, virtual globes and web based mapping for environmental applications. Skills and techniques for spatial thinking and environmental decision-making. Ethical implications of the use of geospatial technologies, data, and computational approaches. (3H,3C)

1044: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATICS Application of information science to environmental management. Role of information science, mathematical and statistical modeling, geospatial technology, database management, knowledge integration, and decision science in environmental decision-making. Skills and techniques required to assist scientists and managers with the challenges of collecting, collating, archiving, modeling, analyzing, visualizing, and communicating information in support of natural resource management. (3H,3C)

2004: FOREST ECOSYSTEMS Introduction to forest ecosystem ecology. Global forest cover, types, distribution, and change. Relationships among forest structure, function, and biodiversity. Interactions among rock, soil, water, air, and the organisms that define and inhabit forests around the world. Energy, water, carbon, and nutrient fluxes from leaf to global scales. Connections among forests, society, and global change. Capacity of forests to sustainably provide ecosystem services. (3H,3C)

2114: ECOLOGY OF APPALACHIAN FORESTS Introduction to the natural history, tree biology, tree identification, forest ecology, management and forest types of the Appalachian region. Contemporary issues related to forest functions will be discussed including carbon storage, climate change, invasive forest species, wildlife management, fire, biofuels, agroforestry, urban forests, ecosystem restoration, clean water, recreation, and use of renewable resources. (3H,3C)

2124: FORESTS, SOCIETY & CLIMATE Role of forest ecosystems on the global carbon cycle, climate, biodiversity and economies. Anthropogenic impacts on forest ecosystems and their ecological function in the face of changing climate. Regional and cultural implications for the state of the forests and deforestation-related policy. Climate-related threats to global forests, including loss of biodiversity, deforestation, forest fires, and invasive species. Sustainable forest management for anticipated future scenarios. (3H,3C)

2134 (HORT 2134): PLANTS AND GREENSPACES IN URBAN COMMUNITIES Modern concepts of sustainability changing plant use in urban settings. Fundamentals of urban plant systems in the context of urban ecosystem management. Philosophy and critical analysis of sustainability related to green infrastructure, including urban forests, green roofs, urban soils, urban wildlife, urban agriculture, and innovations merging plant and ecosystem functions with building and site engineering. Multi-disciplinary emphasis at site, regional, and global, scales. (3H,3C)

2214: INTRODUCTION TO LAND AND FIELD MEASUREMENTS Measurement of land and field attributes including geographic position, land distance, direction, area, slope, elevation and boundary attributes. Use and development of maps used in natural resource applications. Use of global positioning systems and geographic information systems in the acquisition and management of land and field measurements. Assessment of vegetation attributes with field plots. Use of computer software to manage and analyze data and present results. Pre: MATH 1025 or MATH 1225 or MATH 1525. Co: 2324. (2H,3L,3C)

2254: ARBORICULTURE FIELD SKILLS Field observation, discussion, and practice of skills employed in the management of urban landscape trees. Hands-on experience with tree pruning, removal, pest control, fertilization, cabling/bracing, lightning protection, and climbing. Emphasis on arborist safety, professional ethics, and best management practices. Guest instruction provided in part by professionals working in the tree care industry. Pass/Fail only. (3L,1C)

2314: FOREST BIOLOGY AND DENDROLOGY Introduction to the botany, physiology, genetics and silvics of important forest trees of North America. Pre: BIOL 1006 or BIOL 1106. Co: 2324. (2H,2C)

2324: DENDROLOGY LABORATORY Field identification of trees of North America with particular emphasis on trees native to the Eastern United States. (3L,1C)

2414: FIELD EXPERIENCE IN FOREST RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION Field exercises to develop skills needed to sustainably manage forest and environmental resources including navigation and mapping, inventory of timber and non-timber resources, soil and water conservation, forest and recreation management, forest operations and timber harvesting. Fee $216. (6L,2C)

2514: WILDLAND FIRE: ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT Provide students with basic knowledge on how: fire has an impact on forest environments; the environment and weather influence fire behavior; wildland fires are suppressed; and fire is used as a land and vegetation management tool. The course will also provide students with the knowledge and training to qualify as a basic wildland firefighter (FFT2-Red Card). Extended laboratory sessions will provide practice in fire behavior prediction, prescribed burning techniques, and fire control methodology. Pre: BIOL 1014 or BIOL 1105 or BIOL 1106. (2H,3L,3C)

2554 (LAR 2554) (NR 2554): LEADERSHIP FOR GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY Leadership principles and humanities perspectives that help examine and engage global sustainable development challenges such as climate change, food-water-energy nexus, rising middle class, circular economy, and environmental justice. Topics include collaboration, stories, conflict resolution, self-awareness, bias, equity, religion, hubris, globalism, and moral naturalism. Examine trade-offs among economic, environmental, and social dimensions of sustainable development. Integration and application of disciplinary topics including ethics, ecology, evolution, anthropology, economics, religion, aesthetics, and risk management. (3H,3C)

2614: HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS Social and ecological dynamics of human-environment systems. Effect of complex environmental problems on ecosystems and human well-being. Introduction to systems thinking. History, philosophy, and application of decision making in the field of natural resource management. Pre: Sophomore standing. (3H,3C)

2784 (SBIO 2784): GLOBAL FOREST SUSTAINABILITY A socio-economic approach to examining the management and use of the world’s forests, enhance knowledge of global forest resources and products, and understand the roles and relationships of key stakeholders. (3H,3C)

2964: FIELD STUDY Pass/Fail only. Variable credit course.

2974: INDEPENDENT STUDY Variable credit course.

2984: SPECIAL STUDY Variable credit course.

2994: UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH Variable credit course.

3004: ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATICS Applications of the analysis and modeling of large environmental datasets at multiple spatial-temporal scales to study environmental issues of societal importance. Acquisition, analysis, visualization, and storage of environmental data. Ethics and methods of data curation, quality control, and sharing. Sophomore standing required. Foundational knowledge in quantitative and computational thinking expected. (3H,3C)

3104 (WATR 3104): PRINCIPLES OF WATERSHED HYDROLOGY Study of hydrology in watersheds. Qualitative and quantitative principles of physical hydrological processes governing the movement, storage, and transformation of water on the Earth’s surface as influenced by watershed characteristics, including human modifications. Pre: Junior Standing Pre: MATH 1206 or MATH 1226 or MATH 2015 or MATH 1026. (3H,3C)

3214: FOREST BIOMETRICS Statistical, mathematical and computer tools for collecting and analyzing data used to make inference or decisions in applications of forest ecosystem science and management. Principles and practices of forest inventory and probability-based sampling. Derivation of volume and weight equations for standing trees. Measures of stand density and site quality. Forest growth and yield modeling. Organization, summary and conveyance of information derived from the data-driven applications into visual, written, and spoken materials of presentation. Pre: (2214 or FOR 2214), (MATH 2015 or MATH 1026). (3H,3C)

3224: FOREST MEASUREMENTS FIELD LABORATORY Field practice and computer analysis for collecting and analyzing survey data for use in forest management. Forest inventory and probability-based sampling, stratified sampling, double sampling, regression, and census-based sampling applications. Computer and geospatial tools for analyzing field data. Field assessment of tree and log contents, stand density, and site index. Collection and analysis of growth and yield data. Pre: (2214 or FOR 2214), (FREC 2414 or FOR 2414). (3L,1C)

3314: FOREST ECOLOGY AND SILVICS Environmental factors affecting the establishment, growth, and development of forests; silvical characteristics of trees; forest community structure and function; forest ecosystem analysis. Pre: (2314 or FOR 2314), (FREC 2214 or FOR 2214). (2H,4L,3C)

3324: SILVICULTURE PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS Theory and practices involved in controlling forest establishment, composition, and growth are developed in a regional context. Formulation of silvicultural systems and the study of reproduction methods, site preparation, intermediate stand manipulations, and reforestation operations. Pre: 3314 or FOR 3314. (3H,4L,4C)

3344: FOREST FIELD STUDIES Field observations and discussion of current forestry operations and practices. Junior standing required. A-F only. Pre: 2214 or FOR 2214. (3L,1C)

3354 (HORT 3354): TREES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Science and practice of tree cultivation, conservation, and management in human-dominated environments along an urban to rural gradient. Holistic study of landscape tree management: planning, planting, inspection, maintenance, removal, and wood waste utilization. Examination of tree responses to urbanization and tree influences on built environments. Emphasis on sustainable, ethical stewardship of landscape trees for the benefit of people and the environment. Pre: (2314 or FOR 2314 or BIOL 2304 or HORT 2304), (FREC 2324 or FOR 2324 or HORT 332 5 or HORT 3326). (3H,3C)

3364: ENVIRONMENTAL SILVICULTURE Application of ecological principles that determine how forests regenerate following disturbances, grow, develop, and change through time. Sustainable management of forests to meet the competing demands for products and environmental services placed on forests by society. Development of silvicultural regimes that meet multiple objectives including wildlife habitat, carbon sequestration, ecosystem restoration, clean water, aesthetics, recreational opportunities, timber and non-timber forest products. Pre: 2324 or FOR 2324. (3H,3C)

3454: TREES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT LAB Hands-on experience in the cultivation, conservation, and management of landscape trees in human-dominated environments along the urban to rural gradient. Field exercises in tree inventory, appraisal, disorder diagnosis, planting, pruning, and protection. Emphasis on use of scientific methods and best management practices to ensure tree health, safety, and functionality for the benefit of people and the environment. Methods of communicating technical information and management recommendations for landscape trees through written media. Co: 3354. (3L,1C)

3524: ENVIRONMENTAL INTERPRETATION Interpretation theory and techniques; program planning and evaluation; role of interpretation in enhancing visitor experiences and protecting park resources. Pre: 2554 or FOR 2554. (2H,3L,3C)

3544: OUTDOOR RECREATION PLANNING & MANAGEMENT Planning and management of nature-dependent outdoor recreation. History, philosophy and benefits of nature-dependent outdoor recreation. Environmental and social impacts of recreational uses. Techniques to manage visitor impact. Pre: Junior standing. Pre: 2554 or FOR 2554. (3H,3C)

3574: ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION SERVICE LEARNING Introduction to key concepts in environmental education and teaching skills through lecture, discussion, service learning, and reflection. Training in internationally recognized environmental education curricula (e.g. Project Learning Tree, Project Wet), in class management and organization skills and in theory relevant to both teaching and learning. Students develop and conduct after school environmental education programs at local elementary schools (2H,3L,3C)

3604: CLIMATE SCIENCE Physical and biological principles that govern Earth’s climate with applications to natural resource management. Mechanisms explaining the causes of past and future climate change. Concepts of system dynamics as applied to the analysis of the climate system. Current and future effects of climate on ecosystem functioning and the associated provision of natural resources. Junior Standing. Pre: MATH 1026 or MATH 1206 or MATH 1226 or MATH 2015. (3H,3C)

3714: FOREST HARVESTING Principles and application of forest harvesting. Terminology, phases, function, and the interrelationships of people, money, machines, and environment. Pre: 2214 or FOR 2214. (2H,3L,3C)

3724: FOREST BOUNDARIES AND ROADS Application of basic land surveying and forest measurement techniques to the location, establishment, and maintenance of forest boundaries and roads. Consideration of stream crossings, best management practices, and costs. Fee $104. Pre: 2214 or FOR 2214. (2H,3L,3C)

3734: TIMBER PROCUREMENT Analysis of the U. S. forest industry raw material supply process with emphasis on the evolution and dynamics of timber procurement systems and strategies. (2H,2C)

3754 (WATR 3754): WATERSHEDS AND WATER QUALITY MONITORING Delivery of water quality constituents from watersheds to water bodies (streams, lakes, and estuaries). Field monitoring methods to assess watershed drivers and how they affect water quality and aquatic ecosystem condition. Linkages among water quality, watershed characteristics, land use and management, and climate. Design of watershed monitoring programs to guide watershed management for protecting water quality and ecological condition of aquatic systems. Pre: (BIOL 1106 or BIOL 1006), CHEM 1035, (FREC 2004 or FOR 2004 or FREC 2114 or FOR 2114 or FREC 3314 or FOR 3314 or BIOL 2804 or ENSC 3604). (3H,3C)

3954: STUDY ABROAD Variable credit course.

3964: INTERNSHIP THROUGH DIRECTED FIELD STUDY Variable credit course.

4014 (NR 4014): NATURAL RESOURCES ECONOMICS Examination of domestic and international natural resource use, exploitation, and degradation problems, with special focus on use of economics to understand why potential overuse of natural resources exists, and what policy options are available to correct these problems and ensure sustainable natural resource use over time. Water, forests, fisheries, land and exhaustible resources. Permission of instructor may be substituted for the pre-requisite. Pre: ECON 2005 or AAEC 1005. (3H,3C)

4114: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT An introduction to computer information systems used in natural resources management. Course will introduce students to the theory and applications of database management systems (DBMS) and geographic information systems (GIS). Uses, challenges, and limitations of these technologies in natural resource management applications will be discussed. Students will receive extensive hand-on instruction in the use of current software packages for DBMS and GIS. Pre: 2214 or FOR 2214 or GEOG 2314. (2H,3L,3C)

4174 (IS 4174) (PSCI 4174): CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE INTERNATIONAL POLICY FRAMEWORK Science, causes and impacts of climate change. Mitigation and adaptation measures to address the causes and impacts of climate change. International climate change policy, with attention to the policy making process, in particular the role of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and climate negotiations. Science and diplomacy in climate negotiations to achieve successful outcomes. The ethical and social implications of climate change policies. Pre: 2124 or GEOG 1524. (3H,3C)

4214: FOREST PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND SPATIAL DATA PROCESSING Films, filters and camera photogeometry; scale; measurement estimation; image processing; flight planning and photo acquisition; geographic information systems; spatial data analysis techniques and applications. Senior standing required. (2H,3L,3C)

4324 (FIW 4324): GENETICS OF NATURAL AND MANAGED POPULATIONS Introductory genetics with an emphasis on evolutionary processes relevant to natural and managed populations of both plant and animal species. Traditional and modern genetics, including quantitative and population genetics, molecular evolution, genomics, and biotechnology. Pre: BIOL 1105, BIOL 1106, (STAT 3005 or STAT 3615 or FREC 3214 or FOR 3214). (3H,3C)

4334 (CSES 4334): PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF AGROFORESTRY Biological, social, economic, and technical aspects of agroforestry, training and technology transfer techniques, and application of forestry and agriculture principles. Roles of animals and fish, trees, and agricultural crops in agroforestry systems. Community involvement in planning and implementation of agroforestry projects. (3H,3C)

4354: FOREST SOIL AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT Properties and processes of soil and water in forests. Emphasis on management for the delivery of ecosystem services at local to global scales. Includes analysis and interpretation in field and laboratory. Pre: CSES 3114 or FREC 2004 or ENSC 3114 or GEOS 3614 or CSES 3134 or ENSC 3134. (2H,3L,3C)

4364: ADVANCED SILVICULTURE AND FOREST VEGETATION MANAGEMENT Advanced topics in silviculture with an emphasis on species silvical differences; forest vegetation management and control, herbicides used in forestry, their chemistry, toxicology, application technology; environmental considerations; tree improvement, individual tree growth, and stand dynamics as affected by intermediate silvicultural operations; implications of atmospheric deposition. Pre: 3324 or FOR 3324. (3H,3C)

4374: FORESTED WETLANDS Classifications, jurisdictional delineation, and management options of forested wetlands. Relationship of hydrology, soils, and vegetation to ecosystem processes, societal values, and management with regard to environmental and legal considerations and best management practices. Emphasis is on forested wetlands in the southern U.S., but national and international wetlands are included. Fee $113. Pre: CSES 3114 or CSES 3134. (3H,3C)

4414: ADVANCED WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT Impacts fire has on forest environments; how the environment influences fire behavior; how computer programs aid fire decision making; and how fire is used as a land and vegetation management tool. Influences of weather on fire behavior. The course will also provide students with the knowledge and training to qualify as an advanced wildland firefighter (Squad Boss) (FFT1 - Red Card) and a Virginia Certified Prescribed Burn Manager. Pre: 2514 or FOR 2514. (2H,3L,3C)

4424: FOREST RESOURCES ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT Application of economics principles and tools to forest decision making from the individual tract to large private and public holdings. Private and public landowner financial incentives and decisions, forest amenities, non-timber forest products, risk, multiple use, management and ownership trends, and sustainability are examined. Prerequisite course or consent of instructor. Pre: 3324 or FOR 3324 or FREC 3364 or FOR 3364. (3H,3C)

4434: NATURAL RESOURCE POLICY Historical development of U.S. natural resource policy. Application of policy analysis tools to understand the factors driving natural resource policy formation at the federal, state, and local level. Evaluation of the effects of alternative policies on natural resource use and social wellbeing. Overview of existing natural resource policies with applications to forest and timber management, biodiversity, public lands, endangered species, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. Pre: NR 4014 or FREC 4424 or FOR 4424 or ECON 4014 or FREC 4014 or FOR 4014. (3H,3C)

4444: INTEGRATED FOREST MANAGEMENT PRACTICUM Student teams apply accumulated discipline-oriented knowledge and techniques to a real forest resource management problem. A practicum in forest resource management and planning, applying multiple use concepts to solve a forest management problem. Senior standing required. Must be Forestry major. (1H,8L,3C)

4454: URBAN AND COMMUNITY FORESTRY Ecological, socioeconomic, and technical aspects of planning, managing, and conserving urban forests. Historical, contemporary, and global context of urban forestry. Contributions of trees and associated greenspaces to urban sustainability and community well-being. Methods of urban forest assessment and valuation. Roles of government, private industry, and community stakeholders in shaping urban forests. Extensive experiential learning with field techniques and technology. Pre: Junior Standing. (2H,3L,3C)

4464 (AAEC 4464) (WATR 4464): WATER RESOURCES POLICY & ECONOMICS Economic theory and methods to explain water use decisions. Efficiency, equity, and ethical considerations in U.S. water policy. Analysis of water markets, climate change, and environmental flows from diverse stakeholder perspectives. Pre: AAEC 1005. (3H,3C)

4514: FOREST AND TREE PEST MANAGEMENT Identification and ecology of biotic and abiotic influences on forest and landscape tree health. Developing a theoretical and practical understanding for diagnosing and managing pests and stresses of trees in both the forest and landscape setting. Insects and diseases that attack trees. Pre: 3324 or FOR 3324 or HORT 3325 or HORT 3326. (2H,3L,3C)

4554 (BSE 4554) (HORT 4554) (LAR 4554) (SPIA 4554): CREATING THE ECOLOGICAL CITY Multidisciplinary, team oriented, problem-solving approaches to creating cities that foster healthy interconnections between human and ecological systems. Analysis of problems from practical and ethical perspectives in the context of the diverse knowledge bases and values of decision-makers. Formation and utilization of integrated design teams to solve complex urban design and planning problems at a variety of scales. Senior standing. Pre: HORT 2134 or FREC 2134. (3H,3C)

4714: HARVESTING SYSTEMS EVALUATION Principles and techniques for evaluating harvesting machines and systems design, application, productivity, and financial performance. Pre: (3714 or FOR 3714), (FREC 3734 or FOR 3734). (3H,3C)

4784: WETLAND HYDROLOGY AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY Water flows creating wetland hydrologic regime. Hydrologic controls on wetland processes. Linkages between hydrology and biogeochemical cycles. Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other element cycles within and across wetland boundaries. Field methods to assess hydrologic regime and biogeochemical cycles. Ecosystems services from hydrologic and biogeochemical processes. Applications of wetland hydrology and biogeochemistry in wetland restoration, delineation, and creation. (3H,3C)

4964: FIELD STUDY Variable credit course.

4974: INDEPENDENT STUDY Variable credit course.

4984: SPECIAL STUDY Variable credit course.

4994: UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH Variable credit course.

Undergraduate Course Descriptions (WATR)

2004 (GEOG 2004): WATER, ENVIRONMENT, AND SOCIETY Introduction to the hydrologic cycle, water resources, and related environmental issues. Emphasis on ethics and relationships between human needs for and effects upon water including: water quality, water treatment, and wastewater treatment; water for health, energy, and food; water management, laws, economics, and conflict; hydrometeorological hazards and climate change; and potential solutions for these and other critical water issues. (3H,3C)

2964: FIELD STUDY Variable credit course.

2974: INDEPENDENT STUDY Variable credit course.

2984: SPECIAL STUDY Variable credit course.

2994: UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH Variable credit course.

3104 (FREC 3104): PRINCIPLES OF WATERSHED HYDROLOGY Study of hydrology in watersheds. Qualitative and quantitative principles of physical hydrological processes governing the movement, storage, and transformation of water on the Earth’s surface as influenced by watershed characteristics, including human modifications. Pre: Junior Standing Pre: MATH 1206 or MATH 1226 or MATH 2015 or MATH 1026. (3H,3C)

3754 (FREC 3754): WATERSHEDS AND WATER QUALITY MONITORING Delivery of water quality constituents from watersheds to water bodies (streams, lakes, and estuaries). Field monitoring methods to assess watershed drivers and how they affect water quality and aquatic ecosystem condition. Linkages among water quality, watershed characteristics, land use and management, and climate. Design of watershed monitoring programs to guide watershed management for protecting water quality and ecological condition of aquatic systems. Pre: (BIOL 1106 or BIOL 1006), CHEM 1035, FREC 2004 or (FOR 2004 or FREC 2114 or FOR 2114 or FREC 3314 or FOR 3314 or BIOL 2804 or ENSC 3604). (3H,3C)

4464 (AAEC 4464) (FREC 4464): WATER RESOURCES POLICY & ECONOMICS Economic theory and methods to explain water use decisions. Efficiency, equity, and ethical considerations in U.S. water policy. Analysis of water markets, climate change, and environmental flows from diverse stakeholder perspectives. Pre: AAEC 1005. (3H,3C)

4614 (ALS 4614): WATERSHED ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT, AND POLICY Multidisciplinary perspectives of assessment, management and policy issues for protecting and improving watershed ecosystems. Topics include: monitoring and modeling approaches for assessment, risk-based watershed assessment geographic information systems for watershed analysis, decision support systems and computerized decision tools for watershed management, policy alternatives for watershed protection, urban watersheds, and current issues in watershed management. Pre: Two 4000 level courses in environmental/natural resource science, management, engineering, and/or policy in BSE, CEE, FOR, FREC, GEOL, LAR, CSES, ENT, BIOL, GEOG, AAEC, UAP or equivalent. (2H,2C)

4964: FIELD STUDY Variable credit course.

4974: INDEPENDENT STUDY Variable credit course.

4984: SPECIAL STUDY Variable credit course.

4994: UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH Variable credit course.